Charlotte Smith’s graduate work focuses on state-sanctioned and fostered structural and physical violence. She is particularly interested in policing tactics in urban areas, and how this interaction of state power and space serves to differently shape the lives of the city’s inhabitants. As part of the Afterlives of Convictions Team, Charlotte has been researching the logics underlying occupational licensing restrictions and the effects of these restrictions on employment possibilities for people with criminal records. Charlotte has focused in particular on the current struggle for access to Emergency Medical Technician licensure, and is author of the interactive map and data for the EMT infographics.